{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "slide" } }, "source": [ "[![AnalyticsDojo](https://github.com/rpi-techfundamentals/spring2019-materials/blob/master/fig/final-logo.png?raw=1)](http://rpi.analyticsdojo.com)\n", "

Introduction to R - Tidyverse

\n", "

rpi.analyticsdojo.com

" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Overview\n", "\n", "> It is often said that 80% of data analysis is spent on the process of cleaning and preparing the data. (Dasu and Johnson, 2003)\n", "\n", "Thus before you can even get to doing any sort of sophisticated analysis or plotting, you'll generally first need to: \n", "\n", "1. ***Manipulating*** data frames, e.g. filtering, summarizing, and conducting calculations across groups.\n", "2. ***Tidying*** data into the appropriate format\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "# What is the Tidyverse?" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "slideshow": { "slide_type": "subslide" } }, "source": [ "## Tidyverse\n", "- \"The tidyverse is a set of packages that work in harmony because they share common data representations and API design.\" -Hadley Wickham\n", "- The variety of packages include `dplyr`, `tibble`, `tidyr`, `readr`, `purrr` (and more).\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "![](http://r4ds.had.co.nz/diagrams/data-science-explore.png)\n", "- From [R for Data Science](http://r4ds.had.co.nz/explore-intro.html) by [Hadley Wickham](https://github.com/hadley)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Schools of Thought\n", "\n", "There are two competing schools of thought within the R community.\n", "\n", "* We should stick to the base R functions to do manipulating and tidying; `tidyverse` uses syntax that's unlike base R and is superfluous.\n", "* We should start teaching students to manipulate data using `tidyverse` tools because they are straightfoward to use, more readable than base R, and speed up the tidying process.\n", "\n", "We'll show you some of the `tidyverse` tools so you can make an informed decision about whether you want to use base R or these newfangled packages." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Dataframe Manipulation using Base R Functions\n", "\n", "- So far, you’ve seen the basics of manipulating data frames, e.g. subsetting, merging, and basic calculations. \n", "- For instance, we can use base R functions to calculate summary statistics across groups of observations,\n", "- e.g. the mean GDP per capita within each region:\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
countryyearpopcontinentlifeExpgdpPercap
Afghanistan1952 8425333 Asia 28.801 779.4453
Afghanistan1957 9240934 Asia 30.332 820.8530
Afghanistan1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007
Afghanistan1967 11537966 Asia 34.020 836.1971
Afghanistan1972 13079460 Asia 36.088 739.9811
Afghanistan1977 14880372 Asia 38.438 786.1134
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllll}\n", " country & year & pop & continent & lifeExp & gdpPercap\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1952 & 8425333 & Asia & 28.801 & 779.4453 \\\\\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1957 & 9240934 & Asia & 30.332 & 820.8530 \\\\\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1962 & 10267083 & Asia & 31.997 & 853.1007 \\\\\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1967 & 11537966 & Asia & 34.020 & 836.1971 \\\\\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1972 & 13079460 & Asia & 36.088 & 739.9811 \\\\\n", "\t Afghanistan & 1977 & 14880372 & Asia & 38.438 & 786.1134 \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "country | year | pop | continent | lifeExp | gdpPercap | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| Afghanistan | 1952 | 8425333 | Asia | 28.801 | 779.4453 | \n", "| Afghanistan | 1957 | 9240934 | Asia | 30.332 | 820.8530 | \n", "| Afghanistan | 1962 | 10267083 | Asia | 31.997 | 853.1007 | \n", "| Afghanistan | 1967 | 11537966 | Asia | 34.020 | 836.1971 | \n", "| Afghanistan | 1972 | 13079460 | Asia | 36.088 | 739.9811 | \n", "| Afghanistan | 1977 | 14880372 | Asia | 38.438 | 786.1134 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap\n", "1 Afghanistan 1952 8425333 Asia 28.801 779.4453 \n", "2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.332 820.8530 \n", "3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007 \n", "4 Afghanistan 1967 11537966 Asia 34.020 836.1971 \n", "5 Afghanistan 1972 13079460 Asia 36.088 739.9811 \n", "6 Afghanistan 1977 14880372 Asia 38.438 786.1134 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "gapminder <- read.csv(\"../../input/gapminder-FiveYearData.csv\",\n", " stringsAsFactors = TRUE)\n", "head(gapminder)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## But this isn't ideal because it involves a fair bit of repetition. Repeating yourself will cost you time, both now and later, and potentially introduce some nasty bugs." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "# Dataframe Manipulation using dplyr\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "Here we're going to cover 6 of the most commonly used functions as well as using pipes (`%>%`) to combine them.\n", "\n", "1. `select()`\n", "2. `filter()`\n", "3. `group_by()`\n", "4. `summarize()`\n", "5. `mutate()`\n", "6. `arrange()`\n", "\n", "If you have have not installed this package earlier, please do so now:\n", "\n", "\n", "```r\n", "install.packages('dplyr')\n", "```" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Dataframe Manipulation using `dplyr`\n", "\n", "Luckily, the [`dplyr`](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/dplyr.pdf) package provides a number of very useful functions for manipulating dataframes. These functions will save you time by reducing repetition. As an added bonus, you might even find the `dplyr` grammar easier to read.\n", "\n", "- [\"A fast, consistent tool for working with data frame like objects, both in memory and out of memory.\"](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/index.html)\n", "- Subset observations using their value with `filter()`.\n", "- Reorder rows using `arrange()`.\n", "- Select columns using `select()`.\n", "- Recode variables useing `mutate()`.\n", "- Sumarize variables using `summarise()`." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 44, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#Now lets load some packages:\n", "library(dplyr)\n", "library(ggplot2)\n", "library(tidyverse)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# dplyr select\n", "\n", "Imagine that we just received the gapminder dataset, but are only interested in a few variables in it. We could use the `select()` function to keep only the columns corresponding to variables we select.\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 47, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
yearcountry
1952 Afghanistan
1957 Afghanistan
1962 Afghanistan
1967 Afghanistan
1972 Afghanistan
1977 Afghanistan
1982 Afghanistan
1987 Afghanistan
1992 Afghanistan
1997 Afghanistan
2002 Afghanistan
2007 Afghanistan
1952 Albania
1957 Albania
1962 Albania
1967 Albania
1972 Albania
1977 Albania
1982 Albania
1987 Albania
1992 Albania
1997 Albania
2002 Albania
2007 Albania
1952 Algeria
1957 Algeria
1962 Algeria
1967 Algeria
1972 Algeria
1977 Algeria
⋮⋮
1982 Yemen Rep.
1987 Yemen Rep.
1992 Yemen Rep.
1997 Yemen Rep.
2002 Yemen Rep.
2007 Yemen Rep.
1952 Zambia
1957 Zambia
1962 Zambia
1967 Zambia
1972 Zambia
1977 Zambia
1982 Zambia
1987 Zambia
1992 Zambia
1997 Zambia
2002 Zambia
2007 Zambia
1952 Zimbabwe
1957 Zimbabwe
1962 Zimbabwe
1967 Zimbabwe
1972 Zimbabwe
1977 Zimbabwe
1982 Zimbabwe
1987 Zimbabwe
1992 Zimbabwe
1997 Zimbabwe
2002 Zimbabwe
2007 Zimbabwe
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " year & country\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 1952 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1982 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1987 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1992 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1997 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 2002 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 2007 & Afghanistan\\\\\n", "\t 1952 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1982 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1987 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1992 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1997 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 2002 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 2007 & Albania \\\\\n", "\t 1952 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Algeria \\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t 1982 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 1987 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 1992 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 1997 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 2002 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 2007 & Yemen Rep.\\\\\n", "\t 1952 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1982 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1987 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1992 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1997 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 2002 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 2007 & Zambia \\\\\n", "\t 1952 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1982 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1987 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1992 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 1997 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 2002 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\t 2007 & Zimbabwe \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "year | country | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 1952 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1957 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1962 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1967 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1972 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1977 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1982 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1987 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1992 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1997 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 2002 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 2007 | Afghanistan | \n", "| 1952 | Albania | \n", "| 1957 | Albania | \n", "| 1962 | Albania | \n", "| 1967 | Albania | \n", "| 1972 | Albania | \n", "| 1977 | Albania | \n", "| 1982 | Albania | \n", "| 1987 | Albania | \n", "| 1992 | Albania | \n", "| 1997 | Albania | \n", "| 2002 | Albania | \n", "| 2007 | Albania | \n", "| 1952 | Algeria | \n", "| 1957 | Algeria | \n", "| 1962 | Algeria | \n", "| 1967 | Algeria | \n", "| 1972 | Algeria | \n", "| 1977 | Algeria | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| 1982 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 1987 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 1992 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 1997 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 2002 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 2007 | Yemen Rep. | \n", "| 1952 | Zambia | \n", "| 1957 | Zambia | \n", "| 1962 | Zambia | \n", "| 1967 | Zambia | \n", "| 1972 | Zambia | \n", "| 1977 | Zambia | \n", "| 1982 | Zambia | \n", "| 1987 | Zambia | \n", "| 1992 | Zambia | \n", "| 1997 | Zambia | \n", "| 2002 | Zambia | \n", "| 2007 | Zambia | \n", "| 1952 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1957 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1962 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1967 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1972 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1977 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1982 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1987 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1992 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 1997 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 2002 | Zimbabwe | \n", "| 2007 | Zimbabwe | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " year country \n", "1 1952 Afghanistan\n", "2 1957 Afghanistan\n", "3 1962 Afghanistan\n", "4 1967 Afghanistan\n", "5 1972 Afghanistan\n", "6 1977 Afghanistan\n", "7 1982 Afghanistan\n", "8 1987 Afghanistan\n", "9 1992 Afghanistan\n", "10 1997 Afghanistan\n", "11 2002 Afghanistan\n", "12 2007 Afghanistan\n", "13 1952 Albania \n", "14 1957 Albania \n", "15 1962 Albania \n", "16 1967 Albania \n", "17 1972 Albania \n", "18 1977 Albania \n", "19 1982 Albania \n", "20 1987 Albania \n", "21 1992 Albania \n", "22 1997 Albania \n", "23 2002 Albania \n", "24 2007 Albania \n", "25 1952 Algeria \n", "26 1957 Algeria \n", "27 1962 Algeria \n", "28 1967 Algeria \n", "29 1972 Algeria \n", "30 1977 Algeria \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "1675 1982 Yemen Rep. \n", "1676 1987 Yemen Rep. \n", "1677 1992 Yemen Rep. \n", "1678 1997 Yemen Rep. \n", "1679 2002 Yemen Rep. \n", "1680 2007 Yemen Rep. \n", "1681 1952 Zambia \n", "1682 1957 Zambia \n", "1683 1962 Zambia \n", "1684 1967 Zambia \n", "1685 1972 Zambia \n", "1686 1977 Zambia \n", "1687 1982 Zambia \n", "1688 1987 Zambia \n", "1689 1992 Zambia \n", "1690 1997 Zambia \n", "1691 2002 Zambia \n", "1692 2007 Zambia \n", "1693 1952 Zimbabwe \n", "1694 1957 Zimbabwe \n", "1695 1962 Zimbabwe \n", "1696 1967 Zimbabwe \n", "1697 1972 Zimbabwe \n", "1698 1977 Zimbabwe \n", "1699 1982 Zimbabwe \n", "1700 1987 Zimbabwe \n", "1701 1992 Zimbabwe \n", "1702 1997 Zimbabwe \n", "1703 2002 Zimbabwe \n", "1704 2007 Zimbabwe " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "year_country_gdp <-gapminder[,c(\"year\",\"country\")] \n", "year_country_gdp" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 45, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
yearcountrygdpPercap
1952 Afghanistan779.4453
1957 Afghanistan820.8530
1962 Afghanistan853.1007
1967 Afghanistan836.1971
1972 Afghanistan739.9811
1977 Afghanistan786.1134
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n", " year & country & gdpPercap\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 1952 & Afghanistan & 779.4453 \\\\\n", "\t 1957 & Afghanistan & 820.8530 \\\\\n", "\t 1962 & Afghanistan & 853.1007 \\\\\n", "\t 1967 & Afghanistan & 836.1971 \\\\\n", "\t 1972 & Afghanistan & 739.9811 \\\\\n", "\t 1977 & Afghanistan & 786.1134 \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "year | country | gdpPercap | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 1952 | Afghanistan | 779.4453 | \n", "| 1957 | Afghanistan | 820.8530 | \n", "| 1962 | Afghanistan | 853.1007 | \n", "| 1967 | Afghanistan | 836.1971 | \n", "| 1972 | Afghanistan | 739.9811 | \n", "| 1977 | Afghanistan | 786.1134 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " year country gdpPercap\n", "1 1952 Afghanistan 779.4453 \n", "2 1957 Afghanistan 820.8530 \n", "3 1962 Afghanistan 853.1007 \n", "4 1967 Afghanistan 836.1971 \n", "5 1972 Afghanistan 739.9811 \n", "6 1977 Afghanistan 786.1134 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "year_country_gdp <- select(gapminder, year, country, gdpPercap)\n", "head(year_country_gdp)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## dplyr Piping\n", "- `%>%` Is used to help to write cleaner code.\n", "- It is loaded by default when running the `tidyverse`, but it comes from the `magrittr` package.\n", "- Input from one command is piped to another without saving directly in memory with an intermediate throwaway variable.\n", "-Since the pipe grammar is unlike anything we've seen in R before, let's repeat what we've done above using pipes." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 27, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "year_country_gdp <- gapminder %>% select(year,country,gdpPercap)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## dplyr filter\n", "\n", "Now let's say we're only interested in African countries. We can combine `select` and `filter` to select only the observations where `continent` is `Africa`.\n", "\n", "As with last time, first we pass the gapminder dataframe to the `filter()` function, then we pass the filtered version of the gapminder dataframe to the `select()` function.\n", "\n", "To clarify, both the `select` and `filter` functions subsets the data frame. The difference is that `select` extracts certain *columns*, while `filter` extracts certain *rows*.\n", "\n", "**Note:** The order of operations is very important in this case. If we used 'select' first, filter would not be able to find the variable `continent` since we would have removed it in the previous step.\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 28, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "year_country_gdp_africa <- gapminder %>%\n", " filter(continent == \"Africa\") %>%\n", " select(year,country,gdpPercap)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## dplyr Calculations Across Groups\n", "\n", "A common task you'll encounter when working with data is running calculations on different groups within the data. For instance, what if we wanted to calculate the mean GDP per capita for each continent?\n", "\n", "In base R, you would have to run the `mean()` function for each subset of data:\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "2193.75457828574" ], "text/latex": [ "2193.75457828574" ], "text/markdown": [ "2193.75457828574" ], "text/plain": [ "[1] 2193.755" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "7136.11035559" ], "text/latex": [ "7136.11035559" ], "text/markdown": [ "7136.11035559" ], "text/plain": [ "[1] 7136.11" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "7902.15042805328" ], "text/latex": [ "7902.15042805328" ], "text/markdown": [ "7902.15042805328" ], "text/plain": [ "[1] 7902.15" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "mean(gapminder[gapminder$continent == \"Africa\", \"gdpPercap\"])\n", "mean(gapminder[gapminder$continent == \"Americas\", \"gdpPercap\"])\n", "mean(gapminder[gapminder$continent == \"Asia\", \"gdpPercap\"])\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# dplyr split-apply-combine\n", "\n", "The abstract problem we're encountering here is know as \"split-apply-combine\":\n", "\n", "![](../../fig/splitapply.png)\n", "\n", "We want to *split* our data into groups (in this case continents), *apply* some calculations on each group, then *combine* the results together afterwards. \n", "\n", "Module 4 gave some ways to do split-apply-combine type stuff using the `apply` family of functions, but those are error prone and messy.\n", "\n", "Luckily, `dplyr` offers a much cleaner, straight-forward solution to this problem. \n", "\n", "\n", "```r\n", "# remove this column -- there are two easy ways!\n", "\n", "```" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## dplyr group_by\n", "\n", "We've already seen how `filter()` can help us select observations that meet certain criteria (in the above: `continent == \"Europe\"`). More helpful, however, is the `group_by()` function, which will essentially use every unique criteria that we could have used in `filter()`.\n", "\n", "A `grouped_df` can be thought of as a `list` where each item in the `list` is a `data.frame` which contains only the rows that correspond to the a particular value `continent` (at least in the example above).\n", "\n", "![](../../fig/dplyr-fig2.png)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 30, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
continentmean_gdpPercap
Africa 2193.755
Americas 7136.110
Asia 7902.150
Europe 14469.476
Oceania 18621.609
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " continent & mean\\_gdpPercap\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t Africa & 2193.755\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 7136.110\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 7902.150\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 14469.476\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 18621.609\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "continent | mean_gdpPercap | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| Africa | 2193.755 | \n", "| Americas | 7136.110 | \n", "| Asia | 7902.150 | \n", "| Europe | 14469.476 | \n", "| Oceania | 18621.609 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " continent mean_gdpPercap\n", "1 Africa 2193.755 \n", "2 Americas 7136.110 \n", "3 Asia 7902.150 \n", "4 Europe 14469.476 \n", "5 Oceania 18621.609 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#Summarize returns a dataframe. \n", "gdp_bycontinents <- gapminder %>%\n", " group_by(continent) %>%\n", " summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap))\n", "head(gdp_bycontinents)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "![](../../fig/dplyr-fig3.png)\n", "\n", "That allowed us to calculate the mean gdpPercap for each continent. But it gets even better -- the function `group_by()` allows us to group by multiple variables. Let's group by `year` and `continent`.\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 48, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
continentyearmean_gdpPercap
Africa 1952 1252.572
Africa 1957 1385.236
Africa 1962 1598.079
Africa 1967 2050.364
Africa 1972 2339.616
Africa 1977 2585.939
Africa 1982 2481.593
Africa 1987 2282.669
Africa 1992 2281.810
Africa 1997 2378.760
Africa 2002 2599.385
Africa 2007 3089.033
Americas 1952 4079.063
Americas 1957 4616.044
Americas 1962 4901.542
Americas 1967 5668.253
Americas 1972 6491.334
Americas 1977 7352.007
Americas 1982 7506.737
Americas 1987 7793.400
Americas 1992 8044.934
Americas 1997 8889.301
Americas 2002 9287.677
Americas 2007 11003.032
Asia 1952 5195.484
Asia 1957 5787.733
Asia 1962 5729.370
Asia 1967 5971.173
Asia 1972 8187.469
Asia 1977 7791.314
Asia 1982 7434.135
Asia 1987 7608.227
Asia 1992 8639.690
Asia 1997 9834.093
Asia 2002 10174.090
Asia 2007 12473.027
Europe 1952 5661.057
Europe 1957 6963.013
Europe 1962 8365.487
Europe 1967 10143.824
Europe 1972 12479.575
Europe 1977 14283.979
Europe 1982 15617.897
Europe 1987 17214.311
Europe 1992 17061.568
Europe 1997 19076.782
Europe 2002 21711.732
Europe 2007 25054.482
Oceania 1952 10298.086
Oceania 1957 11598.522
Oceania 1962 12696.452
Oceania 1967 14495.022
Oceania 1972 16417.333
Oceania 1977 17283.958
Oceania 1982 18554.710
Oceania 1987 20448.040
Oceania 1992 20894.046
Oceania 1997 24024.175
Oceania 2002 26938.778
Oceania 2007 29810.188
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n", " continent & year & mean\\_gdpPercap\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t Africa & 1952 & 1252.572\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1957 & 1385.236\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1962 & 1598.079\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1967 & 2050.364\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1972 & 2339.616\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1977 & 2585.939\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1982 & 2481.593\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1987 & 2282.669\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1992 & 2281.810\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1997 & 2378.760\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 2002 & 2599.385\\\\\n", "\t Africa & 2007 & 3089.033\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1952 & 4079.063\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1957 & 4616.044\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1962 & 4901.542\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1967 & 5668.253\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1972 & 6491.334\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1977 & 7352.007\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1982 & 7506.737\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1987 & 7793.400\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1992 & 8044.934\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 1997 & 8889.301\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 2002 & 9287.677\\\\\n", "\t Americas & 2007 & 11003.032\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1952 & 5195.484\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1957 & 5787.733\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1962 & 5729.370\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1967 & 5971.173\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1972 & 8187.469\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1977 & 7791.314\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1982 & 7434.135\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1987 & 7608.227\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1992 & 8639.690\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 1997 & 9834.093\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 2002 & 10174.090\\\\\n", "\t Asia & 2007 & 12473.027\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1952 & 5661.057\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1957 & 6963.013\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1962 & 8365.487\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1967 & 10143.824\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1972 & 12479.575\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1977 & 14283.979\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1982 & 15617.897\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1987 & 17214.311\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1992 & 17061.568\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 1997 & 19076.782\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 2002 & 21711.732\\\\\n", "\t Europe & 2007 & 25054.482\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1952 & 10298.086\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1957 & 11598.522\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1962 & 12696.452\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1967 & 14495.022\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1972 & 16417.333\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1977 & 17283.958\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1982 & 18554.710\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1987 & 20448.040\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1992 & 20894.046\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 1997 & 24024.175\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 2002 & 26938.778\\\\\n", "\t Oceania & 2007 & 29810.188\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "continent | year | mean_gdpPercap | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| Africa | 1952 | 1252.572 | \n", "| Africa | 1957 | 1385.236 | \n", "| Africa | 1962 | 1598.079 | \n", "| Africa | 1967 | 2050.364 | \n", "| Africa | 1972 | 2339.616 | \n", "| Africa | 1977 | 2585.939 | \n", "| Africa | 1982 | 2481.593 | \n", "| Africa | 1987 | 2282.669 | \n", "| Africa | 1992 | 2281.810 | \n", "| Africa | 1997 | 2378.760 | \n", "| Africa | 2002 | 2599.385 | \n", "| Africa | 2007 | 3089.033 | \n", "| Americas | 1952 | 4079.063 | \n", "| Americas | 1957 | 4616.044 | \n", "| Americas | 1962 | 4901.542 | \n", "| Americas | 1967 | 5668.253 | \n", "| Americas | 1972 | 6491.334 | \n", "| Americas | 1977 | 7352.007 | \n", "| Americas | 1982 | 7506.737 | \n", "| Americas | 1987 | 7793.400 | \n", "| Americas | 1992 | 8044.934 | \n", "| Americas | 1997 | 8889.301 | \n", "| Americas | 2002 | 9287.677 | \n", "| Americas | 2007 | 11003.032 | \n", "| Asia | 1952 | 5195.484 | \n", "| Asia | 1957 | 5787.733 | \n", "| Asia | 1962 | 5729.370 | \n", "| Asia | 1967 | 5971.173 | \n", "| Asia | 1972 | 8187.469 | \n", "| Asia | 1977 | 7791.314 | \n", "| Asia | 1982 | 7434.135 | \n", "| Asia | 1987 | 7608.227 | \n", "| Asia | 1992 | 8639.690 | \n", "| Asia | 1997 | 9834.093 | \n", "| Asia | 2002 | 10174.090 | \n", "| Asia | 2007 | 12473.027 | \n", "| Europe | 1952 | 5661.057 | \n", "| Europe | 1957 | 6963.013 | \n", "| Europe | 1962 | 8365.487 | \n", "| Europe | 1967 | 10143.824 | \n", "| Europe | 1972 | 12479.575 | \n", "| Europe | 1977 | 14283.979 | \n", "| Europe | 1982 | 15617.897 | \n", "| Europe | 1987 | 17214.311 | \n", "| Europe | 1992 | 17061.568 | \n", "| Europe | 1997 | 19076.782 | \n", "| Europe | 2002 | 21711.732 | \n", "| Europe | 2007 | 25054.482 | \n", "| Oceania | 1952 | 10298.086 | \n", "| Oceania | 1957 | 11598.522 | \n", "| Oceania | 1962 | 12696.452 | \n", "| Oceania | 1967 | 14495.022 | \n", "| Oceania | 1972 | 16417.333 | \n", "| Oceania | 1977 | 17283.958 | \n", "| Oceania | 1982 | 18554.710 | \n", "| Oceania | 1987 | 20448.040 | \n", "| Oceania | 1992 | 20894.046 | \n", "| Oceania | 1997 | 24024.175 | \n", "| Oceania | 2002 | 26938.778 | \n", "| Oceania | 2007 | 29810.188 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " continent year mean_gdpPercap\n", "1 Africa 1952 1252.572 \n", "2 Africa 1957 1385.236 \n", "3 Africa 1962 1598.079 \n", "4 Africa 1967 2050.364 \n", "5 Africa 1972 2339.616 \n", "6 Africa 1977 2585.939 \n", "7 Africa 1982 2481.593 \n", "8 Africa 1987 2282.669 \n", "9 Africa 1992 2281.810 \n", "10 Africa 1997 2378.760 \n", "11 Africa 2002 2599.385 \n", "12 Africa 2007 3089.033 \n", "13 Americas 1952 4079.063 \n", "14 Americas 1957 4616.044 \n", "15 Americas 1962 4901.542 \n", "16 Americas 1967 5668.253 \n", "17 Americas 1972 6491.334 \n", "18 Americas 1977 7352.007 \n", "19 Americas 1982 7506.737 \n", "20 Americas 1987 7793.400 \n", "21 Americas 1992 8044.934 \n", "22 Americas 1997 8889.301 \n", "23 Americas 2002 9287.677 \n", "24 Americas 2007 11003.032 \n", "25 Asia 1952 5195.484 \n", "26 Asia 1957 5787.733 \n", "27 Asia 1962 5729.370 \n", "28 Asia 1967 5971.173 \n", "29 Asia 1972 8187.469 \n", "30 Asia 1977 7791.314 \n", "31 Asia 1982 7434.135 \n", "32 Asia 1987 7608.227 \n", "33 Asia 1992 8639.690 \n", "34 Asia 1997 9834.093 \n", "35 Asia 2002 10174.090 \n", "36 Asia 2007 12473.027 \n", "37 Europe 1952 5661.057 \n", "38 Europe 1957 6963.013 \n", "39 Europe 1962 8365.487 \n", "40 Europe 1967 10143.824 \n", "41 Europe 1972 12479.575 \n", "42 Europe 1977 14283.979 \n", "43 Europe 1982 15617.897 \n", "44 Europe 1987 17214.311 \n", "45 Europe 1992 17061.568 \n", "46 Europe 1997 19076.782 \n", "47 Europe 2002 21711.732 \n", "48 Europe 2007 25054.482 \n", "49 Oceania 1952 10298.086 \n", "50 Oceania 1957 11598.522 \n", "51 Oceania 1962 12696.452 \n", "52 Oceania 1967 14495.022 \n", "53 Oceania 1972 16417.333 \n", "54 Oceania 1977 17283.958 \n", "55 Oceania 1982 18554.710 \n", "56 Oceania 1987 20448.040 \n", "57 Oceania 1992 20894.046 \n", "58 Oceania 1997 24024.175 \n", "59 Oceania 2002 26938.778 \n", "60 Oceania 2007 29810.188 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "gdp_bycontinents_byyear <- gapminder %>%\n", " group_by(continent, year) %>%\n", " summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap))\n", "gdp_bycontinents_byyear" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 50, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Classes ‘tbl_df’, ‘tbl’ and 'data.frame':\t234 obs. of 11 variables:\n", " $ manufacturer: chr \"audi\" \"audi\" \"audi\" \"audi\" ...\n", " $ model : chr \"a4\" \"a4\" \"a4\" \"a4\" ...\n", " $ displ : num 1.8 1.8 2 2 2.8 2.8 3.1 1.8 1.8 2 ...\n", " $ year : int 1999 1999 2008 2008 1999 1999 2008 1999 1999 2008 ...\n", " $ cyl : int 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 ...\n", " $ trans : chr \"auto(l5)\" \"manual(m5)\" \"manual(m6)\" \"auto(av)\" ...\n", " $ drv : chr \"f\" \"f\" \"f\" \"f\" ...\n", " $ cty : int 18 21 20 21 16 18 18 18 16 20 ...\n", " $ hwy : int 29 29 31 30 26 26 27 26 25 28 ...\n", " $ fl : chr \"p\" \"p\" \"p\" \"p\" ...\n", " $ class : chr \"compact\" \"compact\" \"compact\" \"compact\" ...\n" ] } ], "source": [ "\n", "mpg<-mpg\n", "str(mpg)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### That is already quite powerful, but it gets even better! You're not limited to defining 1 new variable in `summarize()`.\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 33, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
continentyearmean_gdpPercapsd_gdpPercapmean_popsd_pop
Africa 1952 1252.572 982.95214570010 6317450
Africa 1957 1385.236 1134.50895093033 7076042
Africa 1962 1598.079 1461.83925702247 7957545
Africa 1967 2050.364 2847.71766447875 8985505
Africa 1972 2339.616 3286.85397305376 10130833
Africa 1977 2585.939 4142.39878328097 11585184
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllll}\n", " continent & year & mean\\_gdpPercap & sd\\_gdpPercap & mean\\_pop & sd\\_pop\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t Africa & 1952 & 1252.572 & 982.9521 & 4570010 & 6317450 \\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1957 & 1385.236 & 1134.5089 & 5093033 & 7076042 \\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1962 & 1598.079 & 1461.8392 & 5702247 & 7957545 \\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1967 & 2050.364 & 2847.7176 & 6447875 & 8985505 \\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1972 & 2339.616 & 3286.8539 & 7305376 & 10130833 \\\\\n", "\t Africa & 1977 & 2585.939 & 4142.3987 & 8328097 & 11585184 \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "continent | year | mean_gdpPercap | sd_gdpPercap | mean_pop | sd_pop | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| Africa | 1952 | 1252.572 | 982.9521 | 4570010 | 6317450 | \n", "| Africa | 1957 | 1385.236 | 1134.5089 | 5093033 | 7076042 | \n", "| Africa | 1962 | 1598.079 | 1461.8392 | 5702247 | 7957545 | \n", "| Africa | 1967 | 2050.364 | 2847.7176 | 6447875 | 8985505 | \n", "| Africa | 1972 | 2339.616 | 3286.8539 | 7305376 | 10130833 | \n", "| Africa | 1977 | 2585.939 | 4142.3987 | 8328097 | 11585184 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " continent year mean_gdpPercap sd_gdpPercap mean_pop sd_pop \n", "1 Africa 1952 1252.572 982.9521 4570010 6317450\n", "2 Africa 1957 1385.236 1134.5089 5093033 7076042\n", "3 Africa 1962 1598.079 1461.8392 5702247 7957545\n", "4 Africa 1967 2050.364 2847.7176 6447875 8985505\n", "5 Africa 1972 2339.616 3286.8539 7305376 10130833\n", "6 Africa 1977 2585.939 4142.3987 8328097 11585184" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "gdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear <- gapminder %>%\n", " group_by(continent, year) %>%\n", " summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap),\n", " sd_gdpPercap = sd(gdpPercap),\n", " mean_pop = mean(pop),\n", " sd_pop = sd(pop))\n", "head(gdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Basics\n", "- Use the mpg dataset to create summaries by manufacturer/year for 8 cyl vehicles. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 34, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
manufacturermodeldisplyearcyltransdrvctyhwyflclass
audi a4 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p compact
audi a4 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5)f 21 29 p compact
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6)f 20 31 p compact
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p compact
audi a4 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p compact
audi a4 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5)f 18 26 p compact
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n", " manufacturer & model & displ & year & cyl & trans & drv & cty & hwy & fl & class\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t audi & a4 & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 18 & 29 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 20 & 31 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(av) & f & 21 & 30 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l5) & f & 16 & 26 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & f & 18 & 26 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "manufacturer | model | displ | year | cyl | trans | drv | cty | hwy | fl | class | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| audi | a4 | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 18 | 29 | p | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | p | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 20 | 31 | p | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(av) | f | 21 | 30 | p | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l5) | f | 16 | 26 | p | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | f | 18 | 26 | p | compact | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy fl class \n", "1 audi a4 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p compact\n", "2 audi a4 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p compact\n", "3 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 p compact\n", "4 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p compact\n", "5 audi a4 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p compact\n", "6 audi a4 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p compact" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "mpg<-mpg\n", "head(mpg)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 35, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
manufacturermodeldisplyearcyltransdrvctyhwyflclass
audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p midsize
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r suv
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p 2seater
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 6.5 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 d suv
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r pickup
⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮
ford explorer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r suv
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r pickup
ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 21 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) r 15 22 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 manual(m5) r 15 23 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 auto(l5) r 15 22 r subcompact
ford mustang 5.4 2008 8 manual(m6) r 14 20 p subcompact
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 p suv
land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
land rover range rover 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r suv
land rover range rover 4.4 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r suv
land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 p suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l6) r 12 18 r suv
mercury mountaineer 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l6) 4 13 19 r suv
mercury mountaineer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r suv
nissan pathfinder 4wd 5.6 2008 8 auto(s5) 4 12 18 p suv
pontiac grand prix 5.3 2008 8 auto(s4) f 16 25 p midsize
toyota 4runner 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 17 r suv
toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd5.7 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 13 18 r suv
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n", " manufacturer & model & displ & year & cyl & trans & drv & cty & hwy & fl & class\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t audi & a6 quattro & 4.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 16 & 23 & p & midsize \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 15 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 6.0 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 12 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 15 & 23 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & r & 15 & 25 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 7.0 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 15 & 24 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 14 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 6.5 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 17 & d & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 11 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 16 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.9 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & 4 & 12 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t ford & explorer 4wd & 5.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 15 & 21 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & r & 15 & 22 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m5) & r & 15 & 23 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & r & 15 & 22 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 14 & 20 & p & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 6.1 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 11 & 14 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 16 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l6) & r & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t mercury & mountaineer 4wd & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l6) & 4 & 13 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t mercury & mountaineer 4wd & 5.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t nissan & pathfinder 4wd & 5.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s5) & 4 & 12 & 18 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t pontiac & grand prix & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s4) & f & 16 & 25 & p & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & 4runner 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t toyota & land cruiser wagon 4wd & 4.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t toyota & land cruiser wagon 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "manufacturer | model | displ | year | cyl | trans | drv | cty | hwy | fl | class | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| audi | a6 quattro | 4.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 16 | 23 | p | midsize | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 15 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 6.0 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 12 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 15 | 23 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | r | 15 | 25 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 7.0 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 15 | 24 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 14 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 6.5 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 17 | d | suv | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 11 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 16 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.9 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | 4 | 12 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| ford | explorer 4wd | 5.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 15 | 21 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | r | 15 | 22 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m5) | r | 15 | 23 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | r | 15 | 22 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 14 | 20 | p | subcompact | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 6.1 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 11 | 14 | p | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 16 | p | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l6) | r | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| mercury | mountaineer 4wd | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l6) | 4 | 13 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| mercury | mountaineer 4wd | 5.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| nissan | pathfinder 4wd | 5.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s5) | 4 | 12 | 18 | p | suv | \n", "| pontiac | grand prix | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s4) | f | 16 | 25 | p | midsize | \n", "| toyota | 4runner 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| toyota | land cruiser wagon 4wd | 4.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| toyota | land cruiser wagon 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy fl\n", "1 audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p \n", "2 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "3 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e \n", "4 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "5 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r \n", "6 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r \n", "7 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "8 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p \n", "9 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "10 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p \n", "11 chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p \n", "12 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r \n", "13 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e \n", "14 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "15 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 6.5 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 d \n", "16 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "17 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "18 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "19 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 r \n", "20 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "21 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "22 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "23 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "24 dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 r \n", "25 dodge durango 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r \n", "26 dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "27 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r \n", "28 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "29 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "30 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "41 ford explorer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "42 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 r \n", "43 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 r \n", "44 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "45 ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "46 ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "47 ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 21 r \n", "48 ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) r 15 22 r \n", "49 ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 manual(m5) r 15 23 r \n", "50 ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 auto(l5) r 15 22 r \n", "51 ford mustang 5.4 2008 8 manual(m6) r 14 20 p \n", "52 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 r \n", "53 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "54 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "55 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r \n", "56 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 p \n", "57 land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p \n", "58 land rover range rover 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r \n", "59 land rover range rover 4.4 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r \n", "60 land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p \n", "61 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r \n", "62 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 p \n", "63 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l6) r 12 18 r \n", "64 mercury mountaineer 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l6) 4 13 19 r \n", "65 mercury mountaineer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "66 nissan pathfinder 4wd 5.6 2008 8 auto(s5) 4 12 18 p \n", "67 pontiac grand prix 5.3 2008 8 auto(s4) f 16 25 p \n", "68 toyota 4runner 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 17 r \n", "69 toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "70 toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 13 18 r \n", " class \n", "1 midsize \n", "2 suv \n", "3 suv \n", "4 suv \n", "5 suv \n", "6 suv \n", "7 2seater \n", "8 2seater \n", "9 2seater \n", "10 2seater \n", "11 2seater \n", "12 suv \n", "13 suv \n", "14 suv \n", "15 suv \n", "16 pickup \n", "17 pickup \n", "18 pickup \n", "19 pickup \n", "20 pickup \n", "21 suv \n", "22 suv \n", "23 suv \n", "24 suv \n", "25 suv \n", "26 suv \n", "27 pickup \n", "28 pickup \n", "29 pickup \n", "30 pickup \n", "⋮ ⋮ \n", "41 suv \n", "42 pickup \n", "43 pickup \n", "44 pickup \n", "45 pickup \n", "46 pickup \n", "47 subcompact\n", "48 subcompact\n", "49 subcompact\n", "50 subcompact\n", "51 subcompact\n", "52 suv \n", "53 suv \n", "54 suv \n", "55 suv \n", "56 suv \n", "57 suv \n", "58 suv \n", "59 suv \n", "60 suv \n", "61 suv \n", "62 suv \n", "63 suv \n", "64 suv \n", "65 suv \n", "66 suv \n", "67 midsize \n", "68 suv \n", "69 suv \n", "70 suv " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#This just gives a dataframe with 70 obs, only 8 cylinder cars \n", "mpg.8cyl<-mpg %>% \n", " filter(cyl == 8)\n", "mpg.8cyl\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 52, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
manufacturermodeldisplyearcyltransdrvctyhwyflclass
audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p midsize
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r suv
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p 2seater
chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p 2seater
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 6.5 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 d suv
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 r pickup
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r pickup
⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮
ford explorer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r suv
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r pickup
ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 21 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) r 15 22 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 manual(m5) r 15 23 r subcompact
ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 auto(l5) r 15 22 r subcompact
ford mustang 5.4 2008 8 manual(m6) r 14 20 p subcompact
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 p suv
land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
land rover range rover 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r suv
land rover range rover 4.4 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r suv
land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 p suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l6) r 12 18 r suv
mercury mountaineer 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l6) 4 13 19 r suv
mercury mountaineer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r suv
nissan pathfinder 4wd 5.6 2008 8 auto(s5) 4 12 18 p suv
pontiac grand prix 5.3 2008 8 auto(s4) f 16 25 p midsize
toyota 4runner 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 17 r suv
toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd5.7 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 13 18 r suv
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n", " manufacturer & model & displ & year & cyl & trans & drv & cty & hwy & fl & class\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t audi & a6 quattro & 4.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 16 & 23 & p & midsize \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 15 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 6.0 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 12 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 15 & 23 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & r & 15 & 25 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 7.0 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 15 & 24 & p & 2seater \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 14 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 6.5 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 17 & d & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 11 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 16 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.9 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & 4 & 12 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t ford & explorer 4wd & 5.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 15 & 21 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & r & 15 & 22 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m5) & r & 15 & 23 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & r & 15 & 22 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t ford & mustang & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 14 & 20 & p & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 6.1 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 11 & 14 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 16 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l6) & r & 12 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t mercury & mountaineer 4wd & 4.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l6) & 4 & 13 & 19 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t mercury & mountaineer 4wd & 5.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t nissan & pathfinder 4wd & 5.6 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s5) & 4 & 12 & 18 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t pontiac & grand prix & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s4) & f & 16 & 25 & p & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & 4runner 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 14 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t toyota & land cruiser wagon 4wd & 4.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t toyota & land cruiser wagon 4wd & 5.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 13 & 18 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "manufacturer | model | displ | year | cyl | trans | drv | cty | hwy | fl | class | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| audi | a6 quattro | 4.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 16 | 23 | p | midsize | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 15 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 6.0 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 12 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 15 | 23 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | r | 15 | 25 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 7.0 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 15 | 24 | p | 2seater | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 14 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 6.5 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 17 | d | suv | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 11 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 16 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.9 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | 4 | 12 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| ford | explorer 4wd | 5.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 15 | 21 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | r | 15 | 22 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m5) | r | 15 | 23 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | r | 15 | 22 | r | subcompact | \n", "| ford | mustang | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 14 | 20 | p | subcompact | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 6.1 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 11 | 14 | p | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 16 | p | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l6) | r | 12 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "| mercury | mountaineer 4wd | 4.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l6) | 4 | 13 | 19 | r | suv | \n", "| mercury | mountaineer 4wd | 5.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| nissan | pathfinder 4wd | 5.6 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s5) | 4 | 12 | 18 | p | suv | \n", "| pontiac | grand prix | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s4) | f | 16 | 25 | p | midsize | \n", "| toyota | 4runner 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 14 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| toyota | land cruiser wagon 4wd | 4.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| toyota | land cruiser wagon 4wd | 5.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 13 | 18 | r | suv | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy fl\n", "1 audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p \n", "2 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "3 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e \n", "4 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "5 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r \n", "6 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r \n", "7 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "8 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p \n", "9 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "10 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p \n", "11 chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p \n", "12 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r \n", "13 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e \n", "14 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "15 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 6.5 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 d \n", "16 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "17 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "18 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "19 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 r \n", "20 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "21 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "22 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "23 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "24 dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 r \n", "25 dodge durango 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r \n", "26 dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "27 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r \n", "28 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "29 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "30 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 17 r \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "41 ford explorer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "42 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 r \n", "43 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 r \n", "44 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "45 ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "46 ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "47 ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 21 r \n", "48 ford mustang 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) r 15 22 r \n", "49 ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 manual(m5) r 15 23 r \n", "50 ford mustang 4.6 2008 8 auto(l5) r 15 22 r \n", "51 ford mustang 5.4 2008 8 manual(m6) r 14 20 p \n", "52 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 14 17 r \n", "53 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e \n", "54 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 19 r \n", "55 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 13 18 r \n", "56 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 p \n", "57 land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p \n", "58 land rover range rover 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r \n", "59 land rover range rover 4.4 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 12 18 r \n", "60 land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p \n", "61 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r \n", "62 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 p \n", "63 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 2008 8 auto(l6) r 12 18 r \n", "64 mercury mountaineer 4wd 4.6 2008 8 auto(l6) 4 13 19 r \n", "65 mercury mountaineer 4wd 5.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 17 r \n", "66 nissan pathfinder 4wd 5.6 2008 8 auto(s5) 4 12 18 p \n", "67 pontiac grand prix 5.3 2008 8 auto(s4) f 16 25 p \n", "68 toyota 4runner 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 14 17 r \n", "69 toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r \n", "70 toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd 5.7 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 13 18 r \n", " class \n", "1 midsize \n", "2 suv \n", "3 suv \n", "4 suv \n", "5 suv \n", "6 suv \n", "7 2seater \n", "8 2seater \n", "9 2seater \n", "10 2seater \n", "11 2seater \n", "12 suv \n", "13 suv \n", "14 suv \n", "15 suv \n", "16 pickup \n", "17 pickup \n", "18 pickup \n", "19 pickup \n", "20 pickup \n", "21 suv \n", "22 suv \n", "23 suv \n", "24 suv \n", "25 suv \n", "26 suv \n", "27 pickup \n", "28 pickup \n", "29 pickup \n", "30 pickup \n", "⋮ ⋮ \n", "41 suv \n", "42 pickup \n", "43 pickup \n", "44 pickup \n", "45 pickup \n", "46 pickup \n", "47 subcompact\n", "48 subcompact\n", "49 subcompact\n", "50 subcompact\n", "51 subcompact\n", "52 suv \n", "53 suv \n", "54 suv \n", "55 suv \n", "56 suv \n", "57 suv \n", "58 suv \n", "59 suv \n", "60 suv \n", "61 suv \n", "62 suv \n", "63 suv \n", "64 suv \n", "65 suv \n", "66 suv \n", "67 midsize \n", "68 suv \n", "69 suv \n", "70 suv " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#Filter to only those cars that have miles per gallon equal to \n", "mpg.8cyl<-mpg %>% \n", " filter(cyl == 8)\n", "\n", "#Alt Syntax\n", "mpg.8cyl<-filter(mpg, cyl == 8)\n", "\n", "mpg.8cyl" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 54, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
manufacturermodeldisplyearcyltransdrvctyhwyflclass
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 9 12 e pickup
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 e suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e suv
jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 p suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e suv
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r pickup
land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 p suv
toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 r suv
dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 r suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 16 r pickup
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 p suv
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r pickup
dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 r pickup
ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 r pickup
dodge caravan 2wd 3.3 2008 6 auto(l4) f 11 17 e minivan
dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 r pickup
ford expedition 2wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r suv
ford expedition 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r suv
lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 r suv
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r suv
⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮
volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p midsize
volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p compact
volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p compact
honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 23 29 p subcompact
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p compact
hyundai sonata 2.4 2008 4 auto(l4) f 21 30 r midsize
chevrolet malibu 2.4 2008 4 auto(l4) f 22 30 r midsize
toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 auto(l3) f 24 30 r compact
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 p compact
hyundai sonata 2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 r midsize
toyota camry 2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 r midsize
toyota camry 2.4 2008 4 auto(l5) f 21 31 r midsize
toyota camry solara2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 r compact
toyota camry solara2.4 2008 4 auto(s5) f 22 31 r compact
nissan altima 2.5 2008 4 auto(av) f 23 31 r midsize
nissan altima 2.5 2008 4 manual(m6) f 23 32 r midsize
honda civic 1.6 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 32 r subcompact
honda civic 1.6 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 32 r subcompact
honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 25 32 r subcompact
toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 33 r compact
honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 28 33 r subcompact
honda civic 1.8 2008 4 manual(m5) f 26 34 r subcompact
toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 26 35 r compact
toyota corolla 1.8 2008 4 auto(l4) f 26 35 r compact
honda civic 1.8 2008 4 auto(l5) f 24 36 c subcompact
honda civic 1.8 2008 4 auto(l5) f 25 36 r subcompact
toyota corolla 1.8 2008 4 manual(m5) f 28 37 r compact
volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 auto(l4) f 29 41 d subcompact
volkswagen jetta 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 33 44 d compact
volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 35 44 d subcompact
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n", " manufacturer & model & displ & year & cyl & trans & drv & cty & hwy & fl & class\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & pickup \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 9 & 12 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 14 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t jeep & grand cherokee 4wd & 6.1 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l5) & 4 & 11 & 14 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 15 & e & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.9 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 5.9 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.0 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t land rover & range rover & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t toyota & land cruiser wagon 4wd & 4.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 15 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & durango 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 16 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 11 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 16 & p & suv \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & 4 & 12 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & ram 1500 pickup 4wd & 4.7 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & 4 & 12 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & f150 pickup 4wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 13 & 16 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t dodge & caravan 2wd & 3.3 & 2008 & 6 & auto(l4) & f & 11 & 17 & e & minivan \\\\\n", "\t dodge & dakota pickup 4wd & 5.2 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m5) & 4 & 11 & 17 & r & pickup \\\\\n", "\t ford & expedition 2wd & 4.6 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t ford & expedition 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t lincoln & navigator 2wd & 5.4 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 6.0 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 12 & 17 & r & suv \\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 21 & 29 & p & midsize \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & f & 22 & 29 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & f & 22 & 29 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.6 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 23 & 29 & p & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(av) & f & 21 & 30 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t hyundai & sonata & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 21 & 30 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & malibu & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 22 & 30 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & corolla & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l3) & f & 24 & 30 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 20 & 31 & p & compact \\\\\n", "\t hyundai & sonata & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 31 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & camry & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 31 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & camry & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 21 & 31 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t toyota & camry solara & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 31 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t toyota & camry solara & 2.4 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s5) & f & 22 & 31 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t nissan & altima & 2.5 & 2008 & 4 & auto(av) & f & 23 & 31 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t nissan & altima & 2.5 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 23 & 32 & r & midsize \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.6 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 24 & 32 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.6 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 24 & 32 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.6 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 25 & 32 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t toyota & corolla & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 24 & 33 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.6 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 28 & 33 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.8 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 26 & 34 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t toyota & corolla & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 26 & 35 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t toyota & corolla & 1.8 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 26 & 35 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.8 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 24 & 36 & c & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t honda & civic & 1.8 & 2008 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 25 & 36 & r & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t toyota & corolla & 1.8 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 28 & 37 & r & compact \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 29 & 41 & d & subcompact \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 33 & 44 & d & compact \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 35 & 44 & d & subcompact \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "manufacturer | model | displ | year | cyl | trans | drv | cty | hwy | fl | class | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | pickup | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 9 | 12 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 14 | e | suv | \n", "| jeep | grand cherokee 4wd | 6.1 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l5) | 4 | 11 | 14 | p | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 15 | e | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.9 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 5.9 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | pickup | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.0 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| land rover | range rover | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | p | suv | \n", "| toyota | land cruiser wagon 4wd | 4.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 15 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | durango 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 16 | r | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 11 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 16 | p | suv | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | 4 | 12 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | ram 1500 pickup 4wd | 4.7 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | 4 | 12 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | f150 pickup 4wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 13 | 16 | r | pickup | \n", "| dodge | caravan 2wd | 3.3 | 2008 | 6 | auto(l4) | f | 11 | 17 | e | minivan | \n", "| dodge | dakota pickup 4wd | 5.2 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m5) | 4 | 11 | 17 | r | pickup | \n", "| ford | expedition 2wd | 4.6 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| ford | expedition 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| lincoln | navigator 2wd | 5.4 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 6.0 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 12 | 17 | r | suv | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 21 | 29 | p | midsize | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | f | 22 | 29 | p | compact | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | f | 22 | 29 | p | compact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.6 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 23 | 29 | p | subcompact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(av) | f | 21 | 30 | p | compact | \n", "| hyundai | sonata | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 21 | 30 | r | midsize | \n", "| chevrolet | malibu | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 22 | 30 | r | midsize | \n", "| toyota | corolla | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l3) | f | 24 | 30 | r | compact | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 20 | 31 | p | compact | \n", "| hyundai | sonata | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 31 | r | midsize | \n", "| toyota | camry | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 31 | r | midsize | \n", "| toyota | camry | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 21 | 31 | r | midsize | \n", "| toyota | camry solara | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 31 | r | compact | \n", "| toyota | camry solara | 2.4 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s5) | f | 22 | 31 | r | compact | \n", "| nissan | altima | 2.5 | 2008 | 4 | auto(av) | f | 23 | 31 | r | midsize | \n", "| nissan | altima | 2.5 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 23 | 32 | r | midsize | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.6 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 24 | 32 | r | subcompact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.6 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 24 | 32 | r | subcompact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.6 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 25 | 32 | r | subcompact | \n", "| toyota | corolla | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 24 | 33 | r | compact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.6 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 28 | 33 | r | subcompact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.8 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 26 | 34 | r | subcompact | \n", "| toyota | corolla | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 26 | 35 | r | compact | \n", "| toyota | corolla | 1.8 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 26 | 35 | r | compact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.8 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 24 | 36 | c | subcompact | \n", "| honda | civic | 1.8 | 2008 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 25 | 36 | r | subcompact | \n", "| toyota | corolla | 1.8 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 28 | 37 | r | compact | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 29 | 41 | d | subcompact | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 33 | 44 | d | compact | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 35 | 44 | d | subcompact | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy\n", "1 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 \n", "2 dodge durango 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 \n", "3 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 \n", "4 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 9 12 \n", "5 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 4.7 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 9 12 \n", "6 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 \n", "7 jeep grand cherokee 4wd 6.1 2008 8 auto(l5) 4 11 14 \n", "8 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 \n", "9 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "10 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "11 dodge durango 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "12 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "13 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.9 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "14 ford f150 pickup 4wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "15 land rover range rover 4.0 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "16 land rover range rover 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "17 toyota land cruiser wagon 4wd 4.7 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 15 \n", "18 dodge durango 4wd 5.2 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 11 16 \n", "19 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 16 \n", "20 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 16 \n", "21 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 \n", "22 dodge ram 1500 pickup 4wd 4.7 2008 8 manual(m6) 4 12 16 \n", "23 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 13 16 \n", "24 ford f150 pickup 4wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) 4 13 16 \n", "25 dodge caravan 2wd 3.3 2008 6 auto(l4) f 11 17 \n", "26 dodge dakota pickup 4wd 5.2 1999 8 manual(m5) 4 11 17 \n", "27 ford expedition 2wd 4.6 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 \n", "28 ford expedition 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 \n", "29 lincoln navigator 2wd 5.4 1999 8 auto(l4) r 11 17 \n", "30 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "205 volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 \n", "206 volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 \n", "207 volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 \n", "208 honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 23 29 \n", "209 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 \n", "210 hyundai sonata 2.4 2008 4 auto(l4) f 21 30 \n", "211 chevrolet malibu 2.4 2008 4 auto(l4) f 22 30 \n", "212 toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 auto(l3) f 24 30 \n", "213 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 \n", "214 hyundai sonata 2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 \n", "215 toyota camry 2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 \n", "216 toyota camry 2.4 2008 4 auto(l5) f 21 31 \n", "217 toyota camry solara 2.4 2008 4 manual(m5) f 21 31 \n", "218 toyota camry solara 2.4 2008 4 auto(s5) f 22 31 \n", "219 nissan altima 2.5 2008 4 auto(av) f 23 31 \n", "220 nissan altima 2.5 2008 4 manual(m6) f 23 32 \n", "221 honda civic 1.6 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 32 \n", "222 honda civic 1.6 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 32 \n", "223 honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 25 32 \n", "224 toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 auto(l4) f 24 33 \n", "225 honda civic 1.6 1999 4 manual(m5) f 28 33 \n", "226 honda civic 1.8 2008 4 manual(m5) f 26 34 \n", "227 toyota corolla 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 26 35 \n", "228 toyota corolla 1.8 2008 4 auto(l4) f 26 35 \n", "229 honda civic 1.8 2008 4 auto(l5) f 24 36 \n", "230 honda civic 1.8 2008 4 auto(l5) f 25 36 \n", "231 toyota corolla 1.8 2008 4 manual(m5) f 28 37 \n", "232 volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 auto(l4) f 29 41 \n", "233 volkswagen jetta 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 33 44 \n", "234 volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 35 44 \n", " fl class \n", "1 e pickup \n", "2 e suv \n", "3 e pickup \n", "4 e pickup \n", "5 e suv \n", "6 e suv \n", "7 p suv \n", "8 e suv \n", "9 r suv \n", "10 r pickup \n", "11 r suv \n", "12 r pickup \n", "13 r pickup \n", "14 r pickup \n", "15 p suv \n", "16 p suv \n", "17 r suv \n", "18 r suv \n", "19 r pickup \n", "20 p suv \n", "21 r pickup \n", "22 r pickup \n", "23 r pickup \n", "24 r pickup \n", "25 e minivan \n", "26 r pickup \n", "27 r suv \n", "28 r suv \n", "29 r suv \n", "30 r suv \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "205 p midsize \n", "206 p compact \n", "207 p compact \n", "208 p subcompact\n", "209 p compact \n", "210 r midsize \n", "211 r midsize \n", "212 r compact \n", "213 p compact \n", "214 r midsize \n", "215 r midsize \n", "216 r midsize \n", "217 r compact \n", "218 r compact \n", "219 r midsize \n", "220 r midsize \n", "221 r subcompact\n", "222 r subcompact\n", "223 r subcompact\n", "224 r compact \n", "225 r subcompact\n", "226 r subcompact\n", "227 r compact \n", "228 r compact \n", "229 c subcompact\n", "230 r subcompact\n", "231 r compact \n", "232 d subcompact\n", "233 d compact \n", "234 d subcompact" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#Sort cars by MPG highway(hwy) then city(cty)\n", "mpgsort<-arrange(mpg, hwy, cty)\n", "mpgsort" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 55, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", 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Petal.LengthPetal.Width
1.40.2
1.40.2
1.30.2
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.70.4
1.40.3
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.50.1
1.50.2
1.60.2
1.40.1
1.10.1
1.20.2
1.50.4
1.30.4
1.40.3
1.70.3
1.50.3
1.70.2
1.50.4
1.00.2
1.70.5
1.90.2
1.60.2
1.60.4
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.60.2
⋮⋮
5.72.3
4.92.0
6.72.0
4.91.8
5.72.1
6.01.8
4.81.8
4.91.8
5.62.1
5.81.6
6.11.9
6.42.0
5.62.2
5.11.5
5.61.4
6.12.3
5.62.4
5.51.8
4.81.8
5.42.1
5.62.4
5.12.3
5.11.9
5.92.3
5.72.5
5.22.3
5.01.9
5.22.0
5.42.3
5.11.8
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " Petal.Length & Petal.Width\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.1 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.2 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.0 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.5\\\\\n", "\t 1.9 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 6.0 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.8 & 1.6\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 1.4\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.5 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.9 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "Petal.Length | Petal.Width | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.1 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.2 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.0 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.5 | \n", "| 1.9 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.3 | \n", "| 4.9 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.7 | 2.0 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.1 | \n", "| 6.0 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.8 | 1.6 | \n", "| 6.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 6.4 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.2 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.5 | \n", "| 5.6 | 1.4 | \n", "| 6.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.5 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.9 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.5 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.0 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.8 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " Petal.Length Petal.Width\n", "1 1.4 0.2 \n", "2 1.4 0.2 \n", "3 1.3 0.2 \n", "4 1.5 0.2 \n", "5 1.4 0.2 \n", "6 1.7 0.4 \n", "7 1.4 0.3 \n", "8 1.5 0.2 \n", "9 1.4 0.2 \n", "10 1.5 0.1 \n", "11 1.5 0.2 \n", "12 1.6 0.2 \n", "13 1.4 0.1 \n", "14 1.1 0.1 \n", "15 1.2 0.2 \n", "16 1.5 0.4 \n", "17 1.3 0.4 \n", "18 1.4 0.3 \n", "19 1.7 0.3 \n", "20 1.5 0.3 \n", "21 1.7 0.2 \n", "22 1.5 0.4 \n", "23 1.0 0.2 \n", "24 1.7 0.5 \n", "25 1.9 0.2 \n", "26 1.6 0.2 \n", "27 1.6 0.4 \n", "28 1.5 0.2 \n", "29 1.4 0.2 \n", "30 1.6 0.2 \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "121 5.7 2.3 \n", "122 4.9 2.0 \n", "123 6.7 2.0 \n", "124 4.9 1.8 \n", "125 5.7 2.1 \n", "126 6.0 1.8 \n", "127 4.8 1.8 \n", "128 4.9 1.8 \n", "129 5.6 2.1 \n", "130 5.8 1.6 \n", "131 6.1 1.9 \n", "132 6.4 2.0 \n", "133 5.6 2.2 \n", "134 5.1 1.5 \n", "135 5.6 1.4 \n", "136 6.1 2.3 \n", "137 5.6 2.4 \n", "138 5.5 1.8 \n", "139 4.8 1.8 \n", "140 5.4 2.1 \n", "141 5.6 2.4 \n", "142 5.1 2.3 \n", "143 5.1 1.9 \n", "144 5.9 2.3 \n", "145 5.7 2.5 \n", "146 5.2 2.3 \n", "147 5.0 1.9 \n", "148 5.2 2.0 \n", "149 5.4 2.3 \n", "150 5.1 1.8 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
Sepal.WidthPetal.Width
3.50.2
3.00.2
3.20.2
3.10.2
3.60.2
3.90.4
3.40.3
3.40.2
2.90.2
3.10.1
3.70.2
3.40.2
3.00.1
3.00.1
4.00.2
4.40.4
3.90.4
3.50.3
3.80.3
3.80.3
3.40.2
3.70.4
3.60.2
3.30.5
3.40.2
3.00.2
3.40.4
3.50.2
3.40.2
3.20.2
⋮⋮
3.22.3
2.82.0
2.82.0
2.71.8
3.32.1
3.21.8
2.81.8
3.01.8
2.82.1
3.01.6
2.81.9
3.82.0
2.82.2
2.81.5
2.61.4
3.02.3
3.42.4
3.11.8
3.01.8
3.12.1
3.12.4
3.12.3
2.71.9
3.22.3
3.32.5
3.02.3
2.51.9
3.02.0
3.42.3
3.01.8
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Petal.LengthPetal.Width
1.40.2
1.40.2
1.30.2
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.70.4
1.40.3
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.50.1
1.50.2
1.60.2
1.40.1
1.10.1
1.20.2
1.50.4
1.30.4
1.40.3
1.70.3
1.50.3
1.70.2
1.50.4
1.00.2
1.70.5
1.90.2
1.60.2
1.60.4
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.60.2
⋮⋮
5.72.3
4.92.0
6.72.0
4.91.8
5.72.1
6.01.8
4.81.8
4.91.8
5.62.1
5.81.6
6.11.9
6.42.0
5.62.2
5.11.5
5.61.4
6.12.3
5.62.4
5.51.8
4.81.8
5.42.1
5.62.4
5.12.3
5.11.9
5.92.3
5.72.5
5.22.3
5.01.9
5.22.0
5.42.3
5.11.8
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Sepal.LengthSepal.WidthPetal.LengthPetal.Width
5.13.51.40.2
4.93.01.40.2
4.73.21.30.2
4.63.11.50.2
5.03.61.40.2
5.43.91.70.4
4.63.41.40.3
5.03.41.50.2
4.42.91.40.2
4.93.11.50.1
5.43.71.50.2
4.83.41.60.2
4.83.01.40.1
4.33.01.10.1
5.84.01.20.2
5.74.41.50.4
5.43.91.30.4
5.13.51.40.3
5.73.81.70.3
5.13.81.50.3
5.43.41.70.2
5.13.71.50.4
4.63.61.00.2
5.13.31.70.5
4.83.41.90.2
5.03.01.60.2
5.03.41.60.4
5.23.51.50.2
5.23.41.40.2
4.73.21.60.2
⋮⋮⋮⋮
6.93.25.72.3
5.62.84.92.0
7.72.86.72.0
6.32.74.91.8
6.73.35.72.1
7.23.26.01.8
6.22.84.81.8
6.13.04.91.8
6.42.85.62.1
7.23.05.81.6
7.42.86.11.9
7.93.86.42.0
6.42.85.62.2
6.32.85.11.5
6.12.65.61.4
7.73.06.12.3
6.33.45.62.4
6.43.15.51.8
6.03.04.81.8
6.93.15.42.1
6.73.15.62.4
6.93.15.12.3
5.82.75.11.9
6.83.25.92.3
6.73.35.72.5
6.73.05.22.3
6.32.55.01.9
6.53.05.22.0
6.23.45.42.3
5.93.05.11.8
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|llll}\n", " Sepal.Length & Sepal.Width & Petal.Length & Petal.Width\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 5.1 & 3.5 & 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.7 & 3.2 & 1.3 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.6 & 3.1 & 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 3.6 & 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 3.9 & 1.7 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 4.6 & 3.4 & 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 3.4 & 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.4 & 2.9 & 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 3.1 & 1.5 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 3.7 & 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 3.4 & 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 4.3 & 3.0 & 1.1 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.8 & 4.0 & 1.2 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 4.4 & 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 3.9 & 1.3 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 3.5 & 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 3.8 & 1.7 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 3.8 & 1.5 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 3.4 & 1.7 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 3.7 & 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 4.6 & 3.6 & 1.0 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 3.3 & 1.7 & 0.5\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 3.4 & 1.9 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 3.0 & 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 3.4 & 1.6 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 3.5 & 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 3.4 & 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 4.7 & 3.2 & 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t 6.9 & 3.2 & 5.7 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.8 & 4.9 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 7.7 & 2.8 & 6.7 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.3 & 2.7 & 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 3.3 & 5.7 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 7.2 & 3.2 & 6.0 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.2 & 2.8 & 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 3.0 & 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 2.8 & 5.6 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 7.2 & 3.0 & 5.8 & 1.6\\\\\n", "\t 7.4 & 2.8 & 6.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 7.9 & 3.8 & 6.4 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 2.8 & 5.6 & 2.2\\\\\n", "\t 6.3 & 2.8 & 5.1 & 1.5\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 2.6 & 5.6 & 1.4\\\\\n", "\t 7.7 & 3.0 & 6.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 6.3 & 3.4 & 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 3.1 & 5.5 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.0 & 3.0 & 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 6.9 & 3.1 & 5.4 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 3.1 & 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 6.9 & 3.1 & 5.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.8 & 2.7 & 5.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 6.8 & 3.2 & 5.9 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 3.3 & 5.7 & 2.5\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 3.0 & 5.2 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 6.3 & 2.5 & 5.0 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 6.5 & 3.0 & 5.2 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.2 & 3.4 & 5.4 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.9 & 3.0 & 5.1 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "Sepal.Length | Sepal.Width | Petal.Length | Petal.Width | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 5.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.9 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.4 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 0.4 | \n", "| 4.6 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 5.0 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.9 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | \n", "| 5.4 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.8 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.8 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | \n", "| 4.3 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | \n", "| 5.8 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.7 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 5.4 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.4 | \n", "| 5.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 5.7 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.3 | \n", "| 5.4 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.1 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 4.6 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.1 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.5 | \n", "| 4.8 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.0 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | \n", "| 5.2 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 5.2 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| 6.9 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 2.0 | \n", "| 7.7 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.3 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.7 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 2.1 | \n", "| 7.2 | 3.2 | 6.0 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.2 | 2.8 | 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.1 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.4 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 2.1 | \n", "| 7.2 | 3.0 | 5.8 | 1.6 | \n", "| 7.4 | 2.8 | 6.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 7.9 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.4 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 2.2 | \n", "| 6.3 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 1.5 | \n", "| 6.1 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 1.4 | \n", "| 7.7 | 3.0 | 6.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 6.3 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 6.4 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.0 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 6.9 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 2.1 | \n", "| 6.7 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 6.9 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.8 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 6.8 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 2.3 | \n", "| 6.7 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 2.5 | \n", "| 6.7 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 2.3 | \n", "| 6.3 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 1.9 | \n", "| 6.5 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.2 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.9 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 1.8 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width\n", "1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 \n", "2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 \n", "3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 \n", "4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 \n", "5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 \n", "6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 \n", "7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 \n", "8 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 \n", "9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 \n", "10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 \n", "11 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 \n", "12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 \n", "13 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 \n", "14 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 \n", "15 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 \n", "16 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 \n", "17 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 \n", "18 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 \n", "19 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 \n", "20 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 \n", "21 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 \n", "22 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4 \n", "23 4.6 3.6 1.0 0.2 \n", "24 5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5 \n", "25 4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2 \n", "26 5.0 3.0 1.6 0.2 \n", "27 5.0 3.4 1.6 0.4 \n", "28 5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2 \n", "29 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2 \n", "30 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2 \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "121 6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3 \n", "122 5.6 2.8 4.9 2.0 \n", "123 7.7 2.8 6.7 2.0 \n", "124 6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8 \n", "125 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1 \n", "126 7.2 3.2 6.0 1.8 \n", "127 6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8 \n", "128 6.1 3.0 4.9 1.8 \n", "129 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1 \n", "130 7.2 3.0 5.8 1.6 \n", "131 7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9 \n", "132 7.9 3.8 6.4 2.0 \n", "133 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2 \n", "134 6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5 \n", "135 6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4 \n", "136 7.7 3.0 6.1 2.3 \n", "137 6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4 \n", "138 6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8 \n", "139 6.0 3.0 4.8 1.8 \n", "140 6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1 \n", "141 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4 \n", "142 6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3 \n", "143 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 \n", "144 6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3 \n", "145 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5 \n", "146 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 \n", "147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 \n", "148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 \n", "149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 \n", "150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
Petal.LengthPetal.Width
1.40.2
1.40.2
1.30.2
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.70.4
1.40.3
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.50.1
1.50.2
1.60.2
1.40.1
1.10.1
1.20.2
1.50.4
1.30.4
1.40.3
1.70.3
1.50.3
1.70.2
1.50.4
1.00.2
1.70.5
1.90.2
1.60.2
1.60.4
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.60.2
⋮⋮
5.72.3
4.92.0
6.72.0
4.91.8
5.72.1
6.01.8
4.81.8
4.91.8
5.62.1
5.81.6
6.11.9
6.42.0
5.62.2
5.11.5
5.61.4
6.12.3
5.62.4
5.51.8
4.81.8
5.42.1
5.62.4
5.12.3
5.11.9
5.92.3
5.72.5
5.22.3
5.01.9
5.22.0
5.42.3
5.11.8
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " Petal.Length & Petal.Width\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.1 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.2 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.0 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.5\\\\\n", "\t 1.9 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 6.0 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.8 & 1.6\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 1.4\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.5 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.9 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "Petal.Length | Petal.Width | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.1 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.2 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.0 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.5 | \n", "| 1.9 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.3 | \n", "| 4.9 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.7 | 2.0 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.1 | \n", "| 6.0 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.8 | 1.6 | \n", "| 6.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 6.4 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.2 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.5 | \n", "| 5.6 | 1.4 | \n", "| 6.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.5 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.9 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.5 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.0 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.8 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " Petal.Length Petal.Width\n", "1 1.4 0.2 \n", "2 1.4 0.2 \n", "3 1.3 0.2 \n", "4 1.5 0.2 \n", "5 1.4 0.2 \n", "6 1.7 0.4 \n", "7 1.4 0.3 \n", "8 1.5 0.2 \n", "9 1.4 0.2 \n", "10 1.5 0.1 \n", "11 1.5 0.2 \n", "12 1.6 0.2 \n", "13 1.4 0.1 \n", "14 1.1 0.1 \n", "15 1.2 0.2 \n", "16 1.5 0.4 \n", "17 1.3 0.4 \n", "18 1.4 0.3 \n", "19 1.7 0.3 \n", "20 1.5 0.3 \n", "21 1.7 0.2 \n", "22 1.5 0.4 \n", "23 1.0 0.2 \n", "24 1.7 0.5 \n", "25 1.9 0.2 \n", "26 1.6 0.2 \n", "27 1.6 0.4 \n", "28 1.5 0.2 \n", "29 1.4 0.2 \n", "30 1.6 0.2 \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "121 5.7 2.3 \n", "122 4.9 2.0 \n", "123 6.7 2.0 \n", "124 4.9 1.8 \n", "125 5.7 2.1 \n", "126 6.0 1.8 \n", "127 4.8 1.8 \n", "128 4.9 1.8 \n", "129 5.6 2.1 \n", "130 5.8 1.6 \n", "131 6.1 1.9 \n", "132 6.4 2.0 \n", "133 5.6 2.2 \n", "134 5.1 1.5 \n", "135 5.6 1.4 \n", "136 6.1 2.3 \n", "137 5.6 2.4 \n", "138 5.5 1.8 \n", "139 4.8 1.8 \n", "140 5.4 2.1 \n", "141 5.6 2.4 \n", "142 5.1 2.3 \n", "143 5.1 1.9 \n", "144 5.9 2.3 \n", "145 5.7 2.5 \n", "146 5.2 2.3 \n", "147 5.0 1.9 \n", "148 5.2 2.0 \n", "149 5.4 2.3 \n", "150 5.1 1.8 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
Petal.LengthPetal.Width
1.40.2
1.40.2
1.30.2
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.70.4
1.40.3
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.50.1
1.50.2
1.60.2
1.40.1
1.10.1
1.20.2
1.50.4
1.30.4
1.40.3
1.70.3
1.50.3
1.70.2
1.50.4
1.00.2
1.70.5
1.90.2
1.60.2
1.60.4
1.50.2
1.40.2
1.60.2
⋮⋮
5.72.3
4.92.0
6.72.0
4.91.8
5.72.1
6.01.8
4.81.8
4.91.8
5.62.1
5.81.6
6.11.9
6.42.0
5.62.2
5.11.5
5.61.4
6.12.3
5.62.4
5.51.8
4.81.8
5.42.1
5.62.4
5.12.3
5.11.9
5.92.3
5.72.5
5.22.3
5.01.9
5.22.0
5.42.3
5.11.8
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " Petal.Length & Petal.Width\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.1 & 0.1\\\\\n", "\t 1.2 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.3 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.3\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.0 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.7 & 0.5\\\\\n", "\t 1.9 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.4\\\\\n", "\t 1.5 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.4 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t 1.6 & 0.2\\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 6.7 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 6.0 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.9 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.8 & 1.6\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 6.4 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.2\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 1.4\\\\\n", "\t 6.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.5 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 4.8 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.1\\\\\n", "\t 5.6 & 2.4\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.9 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.7 & 2.5\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.0 & 1.9\\\\\n", "\t 5.2 & 2.0\\\\\n", "\t 5.4 & 2.3\\\\\n", "\t 5.1 & 1.8\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "Petal.Length | Petal.Width | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.1 | 0.1 | \n", "| 1.2 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.3 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.3 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.0 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.7 | 0.5 | \n", "| 1.9 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.4 | \n", "| 1.5 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.4 | 0.2 | \n", "| 1.6 | 0.2 | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.3 | \n", "| 4.9 | 2.0 | \n", "| 6.7 | 2.0 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.1 | \n", "| 6.0 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.9 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.8 | 1.6 | \n", "| 6.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 6.4 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.2 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.5 | \n", "| 5.6 | 1.4 | \n", "| 6.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.5 | 1.8 | \n", "| 4.8 | 1.8 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.1 | \n", "| 5.6 | 2.4 | \n", "| 5.1 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.9 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.7 | 2.5 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.0 | 1.9 | \n", "| 5.2 | 2.0 | \n", "| 5.4 | 2.3 | \n", "| 5.1 | 1.8 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " Petal.Length Petal.Width\n", "1 1.4 0.2 \n", "2 1.4 0.2 \n", "3 1.3 0.2 \n", "4 1.5 0.2 \n", "5 1.4 0.2 \n", "6 1.7 0.4 \n", "7 1.4 0.3 \n", "8 1.5 0.2 \n", "9 1.4 0.2 \n", "10 1.5 0.1 \n", "11 1.5 0.2 \n", "12 1.6 0.2 \n", "13 1.4 0.1 \n", "14 1.1 0.1 \n", "15 1.2 0.2 \n", "16 1.5 0.4 \n", "17 1.3 0.4 \n", "18 1.4 0.3 \n", "19 1.7 0.3 \n", "20 1.5 0.3 \n", "21 1.7 0.2 \n", "22 1.5 0.4 \n", "23 1.0 0.2 \n", "24 1.7 0.5 \n", "25 1.9 0.2 \n", "26 1.6 0.2 \n", "27 1.6 0.4 \n", "28 1.5 0.2 \n", "29 1.4 0.2 \n", "30 1.6 0.2 \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "121 5.7 2.3 \n", "122 4.9 2.0 \n", "123 6.7 2.0 \n", "124 4.9 1.8 \n", "125 5.7 2.1 \n", "126 6.0 1.8 \n", "127 4.8 1.8 \n", "128 4.9 1.8 \n", "129 5.6 2.1 \n", "130 5.8 1.6 \n", "131 6.1 1.9 \n", "132 6.4 2.0 \n", "133 5.6 2.2 \n", "134 5.1 1.5 \n", "135 5.6 1.4 \n", "136 6.1 2.3 \n", "137 5.6 2.4 \n", "138 5.5 1.8 \n", "139 4.8 1.8 \n", "140 5.4 2.1 \n", "141 5.6 2.4 \n", "142 5.1 2.3 \n", "143 5.1 1.9 \n", "144 5.9 2.3 \n", "145 5.7 2.5 \n", "146 5.2 2.3 \n", "147 5.0 1.9 \n", "148 5.2 2.0 \n", "149 5.4 2.3 \n", "150 5.1 1.8 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#From the documentation https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/dplyr.pdf \n", "select(iris, starts_with(\"petal\")) #returns columns that start with \"Petal\"\n", "select(iris, ends_with(\"width\")) #returns columns that start with \"Width\"\n", "select(iris, contains(\"etal\"))\n", "select(iris, matches(\".t.\"))\n", "select(iris, Petal.Length, Petal.Width)\n", "vars <- c(\"Petal.Length\", \"Petal.Width\")\n", "select(iris, one_of(vars))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 56, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
manufacturermodeldisplyearcyltransdrvctyhwyflclassdispl_l
audi a4 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p compact 0.02949674
audi a4 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p compact 0.02949674
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 p compact 0.03277415
audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p compact 0.03277415
audi a4 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p compact 0.04588381
audi a4 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p compact 0.04588381
audi a4 3.1 2008 6 auto(av) f 18 27 p compact 0.05079994
audi a4 quattro 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) 4 18 26 p compact 0.02949674
audi a4 quattro 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) 4 16 25 p compact 0.02949674
audi a4 quattro 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) 4 20 28 p compact 0.03277415
audi a4 quattro 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) 4 19 27 p compact 0.03277415
audi a4 quattro 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) 4 15 25 p compact 0.04588381
audi a4 quattro 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) 4 17 25 p compact 0.04588381
audi a4 quattro 3.1 2008 6 auto(s6) 4 17 25 p compact 0.05079994
audi a4 quattro 3.1 2008 6 manual(m6) 4 15 25 p compact 0.05079994
audi a6 quattro 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) 4 15 24 p midsize 0.04588381
audi a6 quattro 3.1 2008 6 auto(s6) 4 17 25 p midsize 0.05079994
audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p midsize 0.06882572
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv 0.08685150
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e suv 0.08685150
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r suv 0.08685150
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r suv 0.09340633
chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r suv 0.09832246
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater 0.09340633
chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p 2seater 0.09340633
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p 2seater 0.10159987
chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p 2seater 0.10159987
chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p 2seater 0.11470953
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r suv 0.08685150
chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e suv 0.08685150
⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮
toyota toyota tacoma 4wd3.4 1999 6 auto(l4) 4 15 19 r pickup 0.05571606
toyota toyota tacoma 4wd4.0 2008 6 manual(m6) 4 15 18 r pickup 0.06554830
toyota toyota tacoma 4wd4.0 2008 6 auto(l5) 4 16 20 r pickup 0.06554830
volkswagen gti 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r compact 0.03277415
volkswagen gti 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r compact 0.03277415
volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p compact 0.03277415
volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p compact 0.03277415
volkswagen gti 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 17 24 r compact 0.04588381
volkswagen jetta 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 33 44 d compact 0.03113544
volkswagen jetta 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r compact 0.03277415
volkswagen jetta 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r compact 0.03277415
volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p compact 0.03277415
volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p compact 0.03277415
volkswagen jetta 2.5 2008 5 auto(s6) f 21 29 r compact 0.04096769
volkswagen jetta 2.5 2008 5 manual(m5) f 21 29 r compact 0.04096769
volkswagen jetta 2.8 1999 6 auto(l4) f 16 23 r compact 0.04588381
volkswagen jetta 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 17 24 r compact 0.04588381
volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 35 44 d subcompact 0.03113544
volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 auto(l4) f 29 41 d subcompact 0.03113544
volkswagen new beetle 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r subcompact 0.03277415
volkswagen new beetle 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r subcompact 0.03277415
volkswagen new beetle 2.5 2008 5 manual(m5) f 20 28 r subcompact 0.04096769
volkswagen new beetle 2.5 2008 5 auto(s6) f 20 29 r subcompact 0.04096769
volkswagen passat 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p midsize 0.02949674
volkswagen passat 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p midsize 0.02949674
volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 19 28 p midsize 0.03277415
volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p midsize 0.03277415
volkswagen passat 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p midsize 0.04588381
volkswagen passat 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p midsize 0.04588381
volkswagen passat 3.6 2008 6 auto(s6) f 17 26 p midsize 0.05899347
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllllll}\n", " manufacturer & model & displ & year & cyl & trans & drv & cty & hwy & fl & class & displ\\_l\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t audi & a4 & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 18 & 29 & p & compact & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & p & compact & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 20 & 31 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(av) & f & 21 & 30 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l5) & f & 16 & 26 & p & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & f & 18 & 26 & p & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 & 3.1 & 2008 & 6 & auto(av) & f & 18 & 27 & p & compact & 0.05079994 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & 4 & 18 & 26 & p & compact & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l5) & 4 & 16 & 25 & p & compact & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & 4 & 20 & 28 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & 4 & 19 & 27 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l5) & 4 & 15 & 25 & p & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & 4 & 17 & 25 & p & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 3.1 & 2008 & 6 & auto(s6) & 4 & 17 & 25 & p & compact & 0.05079994 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a4 quattro & 3.1 & 2008 & 6 & manual(m6) & 4 & 15 & 25 & p & compact & 0.05079994 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a6 quattro & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l5) & 4 & 15 & 24 & p & midsize & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a6 quattro & 3.1 & 2008 & 6 & auto(s6) & 4 & 17 & 25 & p & midsize & 0.05079994 \\\\\n", "\t audi & a6 quattro & 4.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & 4 & 16 & 23 & p & midsize & 0.06882572 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv & 0.08685150 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 11 & 15 & e & suv & 0.08685150 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 14 & 20 & r & suv & 0.08685150 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 13 & 17 & r & suv & 0.09340633 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & c1500 suburban 2wd & 6.0 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 12 & 17 & r & suv & 0.09832246 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater & 0.09340633 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 5.7 & 1999 & 8 & auto(l4) & r & 15 & 23 & p & 2seater & 0.09340633 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 16 & 26 & p & 2seater & 0.10159987 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 6.2 & 2008 & 8 & auto(s6) & r & 15 & 25 & p & 2seater & 0.10159987 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & corvette & 7.0 & 2008 & 8 & manual(m6) & r & 15 & 24 & p & 2seater & 0.11470953 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 14 & 19 & r & suv & 0.08685150 \\\\\n", "\t chevrolet & k1500 tahoe 4wd & 5.3 & 2008 & 8 & auto(l4) & 4 & 11 & 14 & e & suv & 0.08685150 \\\\\n", "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n", "\t toyota & toyota tacoma 4wd & 3.4 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l4) & 4 & 15 & 19 & r & pickup & 0.05571606 \\\\\n", "\t toyota & toyota tacoma 4wd & 4.0 & 2008 & 6 & manual(m6) & 4 & 15 & 18 & r & pickup & 0.06554830 \\\\\n", "\t toyota & toyota tacoma 4wd & 4.0 & 2008 & 6 & auto(l5) & 4 & 16 & 20 & r & pickup & 0.06554830 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & r & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 19 & 26 & r & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 21 & 29 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & f & 22 & 29 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & gti & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & f & 17 & 24 & r & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 33 & 44 & d & compact & 0.03113544 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & r & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 19 & 26 & r & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & f & 22 & 29 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 21 & 29 & p & compact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.5 & 2008 & 5 & auto(s6) & f & 21 & 29 & r & compact & 0.04096769 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.5 & 2008 & 5 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & r & compact & 0.04096769 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l4) & f & 16 & 23 & r & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & jetta & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & f & 17 & 24 & r & compact & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 35 & 44 & d & subcompact & 0.03113544 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 1.9 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 29 & 41 & d & subcompact & 0.03113544 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & r & subcompact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 2.0 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l4) & f & 19 & 26 & r & subcompact & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 2.5 & 2008 & 5 & manual(m5) & f & 20 & 28 & r & subcompact & 0.04096769 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & new beetle & 2.5 & 2008 & 5 & auto(s6) & f & 20 & 29 & r & subcompact & 0.04096769 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & manual(m5) & f & 21 & 29 & p & midsize & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 1.8 & 1999 & 4 & auto(l5) & f & 18 & 29 & p & midsize & 0.02949674 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & auto(s6) & f & 19 & 28 & p & midsize & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 2.0 & 2008 & 4 & manual(m6) & f & 21 & 29 & p & midsize & 0.03277415 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & auto(l5) & f & 16 & 26 & p & midsize & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 2.8 & 1999 & 6 & manual(m5) & f & 18 & 26 & p & midsize & 0.04588381 \\\\\n", "\t volkswagen & passat & 3.6 & 2008 & 6 & auto(s6) & f & 17 & 26 & p & midsize & 0.05899347 \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "manufacturer | model | displ | year | cyl | trans | drv | cty | hwy | fl | class | displ_l | \n", "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n", "| audi | a4 | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 18 | 29 | p | compact | 0.02949674 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | p | compact | 0.02949674 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 20 | 31 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(av) | f | 21 | 30 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l5) | f | 16 | 26 | p | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | f | 18 | 26 | p | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| audi | a4 | 3.1 | 2008 | 6 | auto(av) | f | 18 | 27 | p | compact | 0.05079994 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | 4 | 18 | 26 | p | compact | 0.02949674 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l5) | 4 | 16 | 25 | p | compact | 0.02949674 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | 4 | 20 | 28 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | 4 | 19 | 27 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l5) | 4 | 15 | 25 | p | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | 4 | 17 | 25 | p | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 3.1 | 2008 | 6 | auto(s6) | 4 | 17 | 25 | p | compact | 0.05079994 | \n", "| audi | a4 quattro | 3.1 | 2008 | 6 | manual(m6) | 4 | 15 | 25 | p | compact | 0.05079994 | \n", "| audi | a6 quattro | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l5) | 4 | 15 | 24 | p | midsize | 0.04588381 | \n", "| audi | a6 quattro | 3.1 | 2008 | 6 | auto(s6) | 4 | 17 | 25 | p | midsize | 0.05079994 | \n", "| audi | a6 quattro | 4.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | 4 | 16 | 23 | p | midsize | 0.06882572 | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | 0.08685150 | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 11 | 15 | e | suv | 0.08685150 | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 14 | 20 | r | suv | 0.08685150 | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 13 | 17 | r | suv | 0.09340633 | \n", "| chevrolet | c1500 suburban 2wd | 6.0 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 12 | 17 | r | suv | 0.09832246 | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | 0.09340633 | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 5.7 | 1999 | 8 | auto(l4) | r | 15 | 23 | p | 2seater | 0.09340633 | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 16 | 26 | p | 2seater | 0.10159987 | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 6.2 | 2008 | 8 | auto(s6) | r | 15 | 25 | p | 2seater | 0.10159987 | \n", "| chevrolet | corvette | 7.0 | 2008 | 8 | manual(m6) | r | 15 | 24 | p | 2seater | 0.11470953 | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 14 | 19 | r | suv | 0.08685150 | \n", "| chevrolet | k1500 tahoe 4wd | 5.3 | 2008 | 8 | auto(l4) | 4 | 11 | 14 | e | suv | 0.08685150 | \n", "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | \n", "| toyota | toyota tacoma 4wd | 3.4 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l4) | 4 | 15 | 19 | r | pickup | 0.05571606 | \n", "| toyota | toyota tacoma 4wd | 4.0 | 2008 | 6 | manual(m6) | 4 | 15 | 18 | r | pickup | 0.06554830 | \n", "| toyota | toyota tacoma 4wd | 4.0 | 2008 | 6 | auto(l5) | 4 | 16 | 20 | r | pickup | 0.06554830 | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | r | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 19 | 26 | r | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 21 | 29 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | f | 22 | 29 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | gti | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | f | 17 | 24 | r | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 33 | 44 | d | compact | 0.03113544 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | r | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 19 | 26 | r | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | f | 22 | 29 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 21 | 29 | p | compact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.5 | 2008 | 5 | auto(s6) | f | 21 | 29 | r | compact | 0.04096769 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.5 | 2008 | 5 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | r | compact | 0.04096769 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l4) | f | 16 | 23 | r | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| volkswagen | jetta | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | f | 17 | 24 | r | compact | 0.04588381 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 35 | 44 | d | subcompact | 0.03113544 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 1.9 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 29 | 41 | d | subcompact | 0.03113544 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | r | subcompact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 2.0 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l4) | f | 19 | 26 | r | subcompact | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 2.5 | 2008 | 5 | manual(m5) | f | 20 | 28 | r | subcompact | 0.04096769 | \n", "| volkswagen | new beetle | 2.5 | 2008 | 5 | auto(s6) | f | 20 | 29 | r | subcompact | 0.04096769 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | manual(m5) | f | 21 | 29 | p | midsize | 0.02949674 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 1.8 | 1999 | 4 | auto(l5) | f | 18 | 29 | p | midsize | 0.02949674 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | auto(s6) | f | 19 | 28 | p | midsize | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 2.0 | 2008 | 4 | manual(m6) | f | 21 | 29 | p | midsize | 0.03277415 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | auto(l5) | f | 16 | 26 | p | midsize | 0.04588381 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 2.8 | 1999 | 6 | manual(m5) | f | 18 | 26 | p | midsize | 0.04588381 | \n", "| volkswagen | passat | 3.6 | 2008 | 6 | auto(s6) | f | 17 | 26 | p | midsize | 0.05899347 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " manufacturer model displ year cyl trans drv cty hwy fl\n", "1 audi a4 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p \n", "2 audi a4 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p \n", "3 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 20 31 p \n", "4 audi a4 2.0 2008 4 auto(av) f 21 30 p \n", "5 audi a4 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p \n", "6 audi a4 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p \n", "7 audi a4 3.1 2008 6 auto(av) f 18 27 p \n", "8 audi a4 quattro 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) 4 18 26 p \n", "9 audi a4 quattro 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) 4 16 25 p \n", "10 audi a4 quattro 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) 4 20 28 p \n", "11 audi a4 quattro 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) 4 19 27 p \n", "12 audi a4 quattro 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) 4 15 25 p \n", "13 audi a4 quattro 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) 4 17 25 p \n", "14 audi a4 quattro 3.1 2008 6 auto(s6) 4 17 25 p \n", "15 audi a4 quattro 3.1 2008 6 manual(m6) 4 15 25 p \n", "16 audi a6 quattro 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) 4 15 24 p \n", "17 audi a6 quattro 3.1 2008 6 auto(s6) 4 17 25 p \n", "18 audi a6 quattro 4.2 2008 8 auto(s6) 4 16 23 p \n", "19 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "20 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 11 15 e \n", "21 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) r 14 20 r \n", "22 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 13 17 r \n", "23 chevrolet c1500 suburban 2wd 6.0 2008 8 auto(l4) r 12 17 r \n", "24 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "25 chevrolet corvette 5.7 1999 8 auto(l4) r 15 23 p \n", "26 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 manual(m6) r 16 26 p \n", "27 chevrolet corvette 6.2 2008 8 auto(s6) r 15 25 p \n", "28 chevrolet corvette 7.0 2008 8 manual(m6) r 15 24 p \n", "29 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 14 19 r \n", "30 chevrolet k1500 tahoe 4wd 5.3 2008 8 auto(l4) 4 11 14 e \n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "205 toyota toyota tacoma 4wd 3.4 1999 6 auto(l4) 4 15 19 r \n", "206 toyota toyota tacoma 4wd 4.0 2008 6 manual(m6) 4 15 18 r \n", "207 toyota toyota tacoma 4wd 4.0 2008 6 auto(l5) 4 16 20 r \n", "208 volkswagen gti 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r \n", "209 volkswagen gti 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r \n", "210 volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p \n", "211 volkswagen gti 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p \n", "212 volkswagen gti 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 17 24 r \n", "213 volkswagen jetta 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 33 44 d \n", "214 volkswagen jetta 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r \n", "215 volkswagen jetta 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r \n", "216 volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 22 29 p \n", "217 volkswagen jetta 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p \n", "218 volkswagen jetta 2.5 2008 5 auto(s6) f 21 29 r \n", "219 volkswagen jetta 2.5 2008 5 manual(m5) f 21 29 r \n", "220 volkswagen jetta 2.8 1999 6 auto(l4) f 16 23 r \n", "221 volkswagen jetta 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 17 24 r \n", "222 volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 manual(m5) f 35 44 d \n", "223 volkswagen new beetle 1.9 1999 4 auto(l4) f 29 41 d \n", "224 volkswagen new beetle 2.0 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 r \n", "225 volkswagen new beetle 2.0 1999 4 auto(l4) f 19 26 r \n", "226 volkswagen new beetle 2.5 2008 5 manual(m5) f 20 28 r \n", "227 volkswagen new beetle 2.5 2008 5 auto(s6) f 20 29 r \n", "228 volkswagen passat 1.8 1999 4 manual(m5) f 21 29 p \n", "229 volkswagen passat 1.8 1999 4 auto(l5) f 18 29 p \n", "230 volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 auto(s6) f 19 28 p \n", "231 volkswagen passat 2.0 2008 4 manual(m6) f 21 29 p \n", "232 volkswagen passat 2.8 1999 6 auto(l5) f 16 26 p \n", "233 volkswagen passat 2.8 1999 6 manual(m5) f 18 26 p \n", "234 volkswagen passat 3.6 2008 6 auto(s6) f 17 26 p \n", " class displ_l \n", "1 compact 0.02949674\n", "2 compact 0.02949674\n", "3 compact 0.03277415\n", "4 compact 0.03277415\n", "5 compact 0.04588381\n", "6 compact 0.04588381\n", "7 compact 0.05079994\n", "8 compact 0.02949674\n", "9 compact 0.02949674\n", "10 compact 0.03277415\n", "11 compact 0.03277415\n", "12 compact 0.04588381\n", "13 compact 0.04588381\n", "14 compact 0.05079994\n", "15 compact 0.05079994\n", "16 midsize 0.04588381\n", "17 midsize 0.05079994\n", "18 midsize 0.06882572\n", "19 suv 0.08685150\n", "20 suv 0.08685150\n", "21 suv 0.08685150\n", "22 suv 0.09340633\n", "23 suv 0.09832246\n", "24 2seater 0.09340633\n", "25 2seater 0.09340633\n", "26 2seater 0.10159987\n", "27 2seater 0.10159987\n", "28 2seater 0.11470953\n", "29 suv 0.08685150\n", "30 suv 0.08685150\n", "⋮ ⋮ ⋮ \n", "205 pickup 0.05571606\n", "206 pickup 0.06554830\n", "207 pickup 0.06554830\n", "208 compact 0.03277415\n", "209 compact 0.03277415\n", "210 compact 0.03277415\n", "211 compact 0.03277415\n", "212 compact 0.04588381\n", "213 compact 0.03113544\n", "214 compact 0.03277415\n", "215 compact 0.03277415\n", "216 compact 0.03277415\n", "217 compact 0.03277415\n", "218 compact 0.04096769\n", "219 compact 0.04096769\n", "220 compact 0.04588381\n", "221 compact 0.04588381\n", "222 subcompact 0.03113544\n", "223 subcompact 0.03113544\n", "224 subcompact 0.03277415\n", "225 subcompact 0.03277415\n", "226 subcompact 0.04096769\n", "227 subcompact 0.04096769\n", "228 midsize 0.02949674\n", "229 midsize 0.02949674\n", "230 midsize 0.03277415\n", "231 midsize 0.03277415\n", "232 midsize 0.04588381\n", "233 midsize 0.04588381\n", "234 midsize 0.05899347" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#Recoding Data\n", "# See Creating new variables with mutate and ifelse: \n", "# https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/116317_e6922e81e72e4e3f83995485ce686c14.html \n", "mutate(mpg, displ_l = displ / 61.0237)\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 59, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
sectiongradestudentPass.Failletter
MATH111 78 David Pass C
MATH111 93 KristinaPass A
ENG111 56 Mycroft Fail F
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n", " section & grade & student & Pass.Fail & letter\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t MATH111 & 78 & David & Pass & C \\\\\n", "\t MATH111 & 93 & Kristina & Pass & A \\\\\n", "\t ENG111 & 56 & Mycroft & Fail & F \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "section | grade | student | Pass.Fail | letter | \n", "|---|---|---|\n", "| MATH111 | 78 | David | Pass | C | \n", "| MATH111 | 93 | Kristina | Pass | A | \n", "| ENG111 | 56 | Mycroft | Fail | F | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " section grade student Pass.Fail letter\n", "1 MATH111 78 David Pass C \n", "2 MATH111 93 Kristina Pass A \n", "3 ENG111 56 Mycroft Fail F " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Example taken from David Ranzolin\n", "# https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/116317_e6922e81e72e4e3f83995485ce686c14.html#/9 \n", "section <- c(\"MATH111\", \"MATH111\", \"ENG111\")\n", "grade <- c(78, 93, 56)\n", "student <- c(\"David\", \"Kristina\", \"Mycroft\")\n", "gradebook <- data.frame(section, grade, student)\n", "\n", "#As the output is a tibble, here we are saving each intermediate version.\n", "gradebook2<-mutate(gradebook, Pass.Fail = ifelse(grade > 60, \"Pass\", \"Fail\")) \n", "\n", "gradebook3<-mutate(gradebook2, letter = ifelse(grade %in% 60:69, \"D\",\n", " ifelse(grade %in% 70:79, \"C\",\n", " ifelse(grade %in% 80:89, \"B\",\n", " ifelse(grade %in% 90:99, \"A\", \"F\")))))\n", "\n", "gradebook3" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 61, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
sectiongradestudentPass.Failletter
MATH111 78 David Pass C
MATH111 93 KristinaPass A
ENG111 56 Mycroft Fail F
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n", " section & grade & student & Pass.Fail & letter\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t MATH111 & 78 & David & Pass & C \\\\\n", "\t MATH111 & 93 & Kristina & Pass & A \\\\\n", "\t ENG111 & 56 & Mycroft & Fail & F \\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "section | grade | student | Pass.Fail | letter | \n", "|---|---|---|\n", "| MATH111 | 78 | David | Pass | C | \n", "| MATH111 | 93 | Kristina | Pass | A | \n", "| ENG111 | 56 | Mycroft | Fail | F | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " section grade student Pass.Fail letter\n", "1 MATH111 78 David Pass C \n", "2 MATH111 93 Kristina Pass A \n", "3 ENG111 56 Mycroft Fail F " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#Here we are using piping to do this more effectively. \n", "gradebook4<-gradebook %>%\n", "mutate(Pass.Fail = ifelse(grade > 60, \"Pass\", \"Fail\")) %>%\n", "mutate(letter = ifelse(grade %in% 60:69, \"D\", \n", " ifelse(grade %in% 70:79, \"C\",\n", " ifelse(grade %in% 80:89, \"B\",\n", " ifelse(grade %in% 90:99, \"A\", \"F\")))))\n", "\n", "\n", "gradebook4" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 63, "metadata": { "collapsed": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
mean(cty)mean(hwy)
16.8589723.44017
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n", " mean(cty) & mean(hwy)\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 16.85897 & 23.44017\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "mean(cty) | mean(hwy) | \n", "|---|\n", "| 16.85897 | 23.44017 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " mean(cty) mean(hwy)\n", "1 16.85897 23.44017 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
cylmean(cty)mean(hwy)
4 21.0123528.80247
5 20.5000028.75000
6 16.2151922.82278
8 12.5714317.62857
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n", " cyl & mean(cty) & mean(hwy)\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 4 & 21.01235 & 28.80247\\\\\n", "\t 5 & 20.50000 & 28.75000\\\\\n", "\t 6 & 16.21519 & 22.82278\\\\\n", "\t 8 & 12.57143 & 17.62857\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "cyl | mean(cty) | mean(hwy) | \n", "|---|---|---|---|\n", "| 4 | 21.01235 | 28.80247 | \n", "| 5 | 20.50000 | 28.75000 | \n", "| 6 | 16.21519 | 22.82278 | \n", "| 8 | 12.57143 | 17.62857 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " cyl mean(cty) mean(hwy)\n", "1 4 21.01235 28.80247 \n", "2 5 20.50000 28.75000 \n", "3 6 16.21519 22.82278 \n", "4 8 12.57143 17.62857 " ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
cylmsd
4 105.136426.87159
6 183.314341.56246
8 353.100067.77132
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n", " cyl & m & sd\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 4 & 105.1364 & 26.87159\\\\\n", "\t 6 & 183.3143 & 41.56246\\\\\n", "\t 8 & 353.1000 & 67.77132\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "cyl | m | sd | \n", "|---|---|---|\n", "| 4 | 105.1364 | 26.87159 | \n", "| 6 | 183.3143 | 41.56246 | \n", "| 8 | 353.1000 | 67.77132 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " cyl m sd \n", "1 4 105.1364 26.87159\n", "2 6 183.3143 41.56246\n", "3 8 353.1000 67.77132" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", "\n", "\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\t\n", "\n", "
cylab
4 1112
6 7 8
8 1415
\n" ], "text/latex": [ "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n", " cyl & a & b\\\\\n", "\\hline\n", "\t 4 & 11 & 12\\\\\n", "\t 6 & 7 & 8\\\\\n", "\t 8 & 14 & 15\\\\\n", "\\end{tabular}\n" ], "text/markdown": [ "\n", "cyl | a | b | \n", "|---|---|---|\n", "| 4 | 11 | 12 | \n", "| 6 | 7 | 8 | \n", "| 8 | 14 | 15 | \n", "\n", "\n" ], "text/plain": [ " cyl a b \n", "1 4 11 12\n", "2 6 7 8\n", "3 8 14 15" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "#find the average city and highway mpg\n", "summarise(mpg, mean(cty), mean(hwy))\n", "#find the average city and highway mpg by cylander\n", "summarise(group_by(mpg, cyl), mean(cty), mean(hwy))\n", "summarise(group_by(mtcars, cyl), m = mean(disp), sd = sd(disp))\n", "\n", "# With data frames, you can create and immediately use summaries\n", "by_cyl <- mtcars %>% group_by(cyl)\n", "by_cyl %>% summarise(a = n(), b = a + 1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#This was adopted from the Berkley R Bootcamp. " ] } ], "metadata": { "anaconda-cloud": {}, "celltoolbar": "Slideshow", "kernelspec": { "display_name": "R", "language": "R", "name": "ir" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": "r", "file_extension": ".r", "mimetype": "text/x-r-source", "name": "R", "pygments_lexer": "r", "version": "3.5.1" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 2 }